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HSK 5Pelajaran 3 dari 11 · 9 poin tata bahasa

Evidence, routes and written connections

自从 anchors a continuing interval, 沿着 traces a route, 替 acts on behalf of someone, and 据 or 依据 attributes a basis. 从而 presents a consequence, while 可见 interprets evidence. Keep source attribution distinct from proof.

Learning goals (9)
  • Since a starting event.
  • Toward and along.
  • On behalf of and comparison.
  • A basis or resource with 凭.
  • Reported information with 据.
  • Following evidence or criteria.
  • Formal nominal coordination.
  • Inference and summary.
  • Resemblance with 似的.

自从

Since a starting event

自从 introduces the beginning of an interval whose later development is described.

自从搬家后，我每天都走路上班。

Zì cóng bān jiā hòu, wǒ měi tiān dōu zǒu lù shàng bān.

Since moving, I have walked to work every day.

Lainnya

Jebakan: The following clause normally describes the subsequent period, not an unrelated earlier event.

沿着

Toward and along

朝 points toward a direction or target; 沿着 traces a route or boundary.

沿着这条路一直走。

Yán zhe zhè tiáo lù yī zhí zǒu.

Keep going along this road.

Lainnya

Jebakan: 朝 identifies orientation; 沿着 identifies a path followed.

替、同、较

On behalf of and comparison

替 introduces someone whose place or interests an action serves; 同 introduces a companion; 较 compares in formal contexts.

请替我向他问好。

Qǐng tì wǒ xiàng tā wèn hǎo.

Please give him my regards.

Lainnya

替我工作 work in my place/on my behalf; 同他商量 discuss with him; 较去年增长 increase compared with last year. 较 as a comparative preposition must be distinguished from the degree adverb in 较好.

Jebakan: 替 does not always mean replacing someone permanently.

凭

A basis or resource with 凭

凭 introduces evidence, credentials or a resource relied upon.

请凭票入场。

Qǐng píng piào rù chǎng.

Please enter with a ticket.

Lainnya

Jebakan: 凭 is not a universal substitute for 因为.

据

Reported information with 据

据 introduces a reported source or basis, commonly 据报道 and 据了解.

据报道，明天会降温。

Jù bào dào, míng tiān huì jiàng wēn.

According to reports, temperatures will fall tomorrow.

Lainnya

Jebakan: The statement is attributed; the phrase does not itself establish its truth.

依据

Following evidence or criteria

依据 introduces a basis for action or inference, often a rule or evidence set.

我们依据事实作出判断。

Wǒ men yī jù shì shí zuò chū pàn duàn.

We make judgments based on facts.

Lainnya

Jebakan: Name a real basis rather than merely using the connector to sound formal.

以及、同

Formal nominal coordination

以及 adds a further nominal item or group; 同 can link participants more formally than 和.

会议讨论了时间、地点以及费用。

Huì yì tǎo lùn le shí jiān, dì diǎn yǐ jí fèi yòng.

The meeting discussed the time, location and cost.

Lainnya

Jebakan: 以及 is not a default replacement for every clause-level and.

从而、可见、假如、总之

Inference and summary

从而 introduces a resulting effect, 可见 an inference, 假如 a hypothesis and 总之 a summary.

他每天练习，从而提高了水平。

Tā měi tiān liàn xí, cóng ér tí gāo le shuǐ píng.

He practiced daily and thereby improved his level.

Lainnya

Jebakan: An inferred conclusion with 可见 differs from a causal consequence with 从而.

似的

Resemblance with 似的

A phrase followed by 似的 can describe resemblance, often paired with 像.

他像孩子似的笑了。

Tā xiàng hái zi shì de xiào le.

He laughed like a child.

Lainnya

Jebakan: 似的 is normally read shìde in this construction.

Detail sumber (silabus resmi)

  • Since a starting event

    Butir silabus
    自从
    Kategori
    引出时间、处所
    ID tata bahasa
    grammar-L5-012
    Halaman PDF
    398 (cetak 395)

  • Toward and along

    Butir silabus
    朝、沿（着）
    Kategori
    引出方向、路径
    ID tata bahasa
    grammar-L5-013
    Halaman PDF
    398 (cetak 395)

  • On behalf of and comparison

    Butir silabus
    替、同1、较2
    Kategori
    引出对象
    ID tata bahasa
    grammar-L5-014
    Halaman PDF
    398 (cetak 395)

  • A basis or resource with 凭

    Butir silabus
    凭
    Kategori
    引出凭借、依据
    ID tata bahasa
    grammar-L5-015
    Halaman PDF
    398 (cetak 395)

  • Reported information with 据

    Butir silabus
    据
    Kategori
    引出凭借、依据
    ID tata bahasa
    grammar-L5-016
    Halaman PDF
    398 (cetak 395)

  • Following evidence or criteria

    Butir silabus
    依据
    Kategori
    引出凭借、依据
    ID tata bahasa
    grammar-L5-017
    Halaman PDF
    398 (cetak 395)

  • Formal nominal coordination

    Butir silabus
    以及、同2
    Kategori
    连接词或词组
    ID tata bahasa
    grammar-L5-018
    Halaman PDF
    398 (cetak 395)

  • Inference and summary

    Butir silabus
    从而、可见、假如、总之
    Kategori
    连接分句或句子
    ID tata bahasa
    grammar-L5-019
    Halaman PDF
    398 (cetak 395)

  • Resemblance with 似的

    Butir silabus
    似的
    Kategori
    其他助词
    ID tata bahasa
    grammar-L5-020
    Halaman PDF
    398 (cetak 395)