RealHSK

HSK 5Lesson 3 of 11 · 9 grammar points

Evidence, routes and written connections

自从 anchors a continuing interval, 沿着 traces a route, 替 acts on behalf of someone, and 据 or 依据 attributes a basis. 从而 presents a consequence, while 可见 interprets evidence. Keep source attribution distinct from proof.

Learning goals (9)
  • Since a starting event.
  • Toward and along.
  • On behalf of and comparison.
  • A basis or resource with 凭.
  • Reported information with 据.
  • Following evidence or criteria.
  • Formal nominal coordination.
  • Inference and summary.
  • Resemblance with 似的.

自从

Since a starting event

自从 introduces the beginning of an interval whose later development is described.

自从搬家后，我每天都走路上班。

Zì cóng bān jiā hòu, wǒ měi tiān dōu zǒu lù shàng bān.

Since moving, I have walked to work every day.

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Pitfall: The following clause normally describes the subsequent period, not an unrelated earlier event.

沿着

Toward and along

朝 points toward a direction or target; 沿着 traces a route or boundary.

沿着这条路一直走。

Yán zhe zhè tiáo lù yī zhí zǒu.

Keep going along this road.

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Pitfall: 朝 identifies orientation; 沿着 identifies a path followed.

替、同、较

On behalf of and comparison

替 introduces someone whose place or interests an action serves; 同 introduces a companion; 较 compares in formal contexts.

请替我向他问好。

Qǐng tì wǒ xiàng tā wèn hǎo.

Please give him my regards.

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替我工作 work in my place/on my behalf; 同他商量 discuss with him; 较去年增长 increase compared with last year. 较 as a comparative preposition must be distinguished from the degree adverb in 较好.

Pitfall: 替 does not always mean replacing someone permanently.

凭

A basis or resource with 凭

凭 introduces evidence, credentials or a resource relied upon.

请凭票入场。

Qǐng píng piào rù chǎng.

Please enter with a ticket.

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Pitfall: 凭 is not a universal substitute for 因为.

据

Reported information with 据

据 introduces a reported source or basis, commonly 据报道 and 据了解.

据报道，明天会降温。

Jù bào dào, míng tiān huì jiàng wēn.

According to reports, temperatures will fall tomorrow.

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Pitfall: The statement is attributed; the phrase does not itself establish its truth.

依据

Following evidence or criteria

依据 introduces a basis for action or inference, often a rule or evidence set.

我们依据事实作出判断。

Wǒ men yī jù shì shí zuò chū pàn duàn.

We make judgments based on facts.

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Pitfall: Name a real basis rather than merely using the connector to sound formal.

以及、同

Formal nominal coordination

以及 adds a further nominal item or group; 同 can link participants more formally than 和.

会议讨论了时间、地点以及费用。

Huì yì tǎo lùn le shí jiān, dì diǎn yǐ jí fèi yòng.

The meeting discussed the time, location and cost.

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Pitfall: 以及 is not a default replacement for every clause-level and.

从而、可见、假如、总之

Inference and summary

从而 introduces a resulting effect, 可见 an inference, 假如 a hypothesis and 总之 a summary.

他每天练习，从而提高了水平。

Tā měi tiān liàn xí, cóng ér tí gāo le shuǐ píng.

He practiced daily and thereby improved his level.

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Pitfall: An inferred conclusion with 可见 differs from a causal consequence with 从而.

似的

Resemblance with 似的

A phrase followed by 似的 can describe resemblance, often paired with 像.

他像孩子似的笑了。

Tā xiàng hái zi shì de xiào le.

He laughed like a child.

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Pitfall: 似的 is normally read shìde in this construction.

Source details (official syllabus)

  • Since a starting event

    Syllabus item
    自从
    Category
    引出时间、处所
    Grammar ID
    grammar-L5-012
    PDF page
    398 (printed 395)

  • Toward and along

    Syllabus item
    朝、沿（着）
    Category
    引出方向、路径
    Grammar ID
    grammar-L5-013
    PDF page
    398 (printed 395)

  • On behalf of and comparison

    Syllabus item
    替、同1、较2
    Category
    引出对象
    Grammar ID
    grammar-L5-014
    PDF page
    398 (printed 395)

  • A basis or resource with 凭

    Syllabus item
    凭
    Category
    引出凭借、依据
    Grammar ID
    grammar-L5-015
    PDF page
    398 (printed 395)

  • Reported information with 据

    Syllabus item
    据
    Category
    引出凭借、依据
    Grammar ID
    grammar-L5-016
    PDF page
    398 (printed 395)

  • Following evidence or criteria

    Syllabus item
    依据
    Category
    引出凭借、依据
    Grammar ID
    grammar-L5-017
    PDF page
    398 (printed 395)

  • Formal nominal coordination

    Syllabus item
    以及、同2
    Category
    连接词或词组
    Grammar ID
    grammar-L5-018
    PDF page
    398 (printed 395)

  • Inference and summary

    Syllabus item
    从而、可见、假如、总之
    Category
    连接分句或句子
    Grammar ID
    grammar-L5-019
    PDF page
    398 (printed 395)

  • Resemblance with 似的

    Syllabus item
    似的
    Category
    其他助词
    Grammar ID
    grammar-L5-020
    PDF page
    398 (printed 395)