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HSK 3Bài 7/15 · 8 điểm ngữ pháp

Change, appearance and framing

越来越 tracks one changing scale, whereas appearance expressions hedge a judgment. 除了 can include or exclude depending on the later clause. Starting-point and perspective frames limit the scope within which the main statement holds.

Learning goals (8)
  • Increasing change.
  • Appearance with 看起来.
  • Appearance with 看上去.
  • Generalizing cautiously.
  • An unimpressive evaluation.
  • Including and excluding.
  • Starting from a point.
  • For a person or group.

越来越

Increasing change

越来越+adjective or suitable psychological verb describes gradual increase along a scale.

天气越来越冷了。

Tiān qì yuè lái yuè lěng le.

The weather is getting colder and colder.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: Do not add 比较 or 很 mechanically after 越来越.

看起来

Appearance with 看起来

看起来 introduces an impression from appearance, sometimes extending beyond literal sight.

他看起来很累。

Tā kàn qǐ lái hěn lèi.

He looks tired.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: Looking tired is evidence for a judgment, not proof of a diagnosis.

看上去

Appearance with 看上去

看上去 commonly describes an impression based on visible appearance.

这件衣服看上去很贵。

Zhè jiàn yī fu kàn shàng qù hěn guì.

This item of clothing looks expensive.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: Its apparent price need not be its actual price.

一般来说

Generalizing cautiously

一般来说 frames a broad tendency and leaves room for exceptions.

一般来说，早上这里人比较少。

Yī bān lái shuō, zǎo shàng zhè lǐ rén bǐ jiào shǎo.

Generally speaking, there are fewer people here in the morning.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: A generalization is not an exceptionless rule.

不怎么样

An unimpressive evaluation

不怎么样 is a mild or dismissive evaluation meaning not very good.

这家店的东西不怎么样。

Zhè jiā diàn de dōng xi bù zěn me yàng.

The things in this shop aren't very good.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: This is an evaluative expression, not simply an unanswered how-question.

除了

Including and excluding

除了…还/也 adds to a set; 除了…都 commonly excludes an exception from a generalization.

除了小王，大家都来了。

Chú le xiǎo wáng, dà jiā dōu lái le.

Everyone came except Xiao Wang.

Thêm

除了小王，大家都来了 excludes him. 除了小王，小李也来了 adds Xiao Li to Xiao Wang. 除了茶，我们还有咖啡 adds coffee to tea. The later clause distinguishes subtraction from addition.

Lỗi hay gặp: Read the later predicate: 除了他，我也去 includes him rather than excluding him.

从…起

Starting from a point

从…起 establishes a beginning, often for a rule or continuing situation.

从明天起，我每天跑步。

Cóng míng tiān qǐ, wǒ měi tiān pǎo bù.

Starting tomorrow, I will run every day.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: 起 marks the start, not completion of the action.

对…来说

For a person or group

对…来说 establishes the person for whom an evaluation holds.

对我来说，这本书太难了。

Duì wǒ lái shuō, zhè běn shū tài nán le.

For me, this book is too difficult.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: It sets an evaluative perspective, not the physical recipient of the book.

Chi tiết nguồn (đề cương chính thức)

  • Increasing change

    Mục trong đề cương
    越来越
    Loại
    其 他
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-039
    Trang PDF
    393 (trang in 390)

  • Appearance with 看起来

    Mục trong đề cương
    看起来
    Loại
    其 他
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-040
    Trang PDF
    393 (trang in 390)

  • Appearance with 看上去

    Mục trong đề cương
    看上去
    Loại
    其 他
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-041
    Trang PDF
    393 (trang in 390)

  • Generalizing cautiously

    Mục trong đề cương
    一般来说
    Loại
    其 他
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-042
    Trang PDF
    393 (trang in 390)

  • An unimpressive evaluation

    Mục trong đề cương
    不怎么样
    Loại
    其 他
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-043
    Trang PDF
    393 (trang in 390)

  • Including and excluding

    Mục trong đề cương
    除了 ……（以外），……还/也/都……
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-044
    Trang PDF
    393 (trang in 390)

  • Starting from a point

    Mục trong đề cương
    从……起
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-045
    Trang PDF
    393 (trang in 390)

  • For a person or group

    Mục trong đề cương
    对……来说
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-046
    Trang PDF
    393 (trang in 390)