HSK 4Lesson 3 of 14 · 10 grammar points
Formal connections and responsibility
These prepositions and connectors organize time, cause, basis, roles and participants in more extended writing. A single form such as 将 may be a future marker or a disposal marker. Interpret its syntactic job before choosing a lesson link.
Learning goals (10)
- Time and origin frames.
- Formal disposal and passive agents.
- Cause with 由于.
- Regarding and with.
- Role and basis.
- Formal coordination.
- Extending an argument.
- Additional clause relations.
- Written particles and listing.
- Interjections and tone.
自、当、由、随着、等
Time and origin frames
自 marks an origin, 当 a time or occasion, 随着 a developing accompaniment, and 等 a waiting-until frame. 由 can introduce a starting point.
随着天气变暖，花开了。
As the weather grew warmer, the flowers bloomed.
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自北京出发 depart from Beijing; 当他到家时 when he got home; 由南向北 from south toward north; 随着时间变化 change with time; 等他来了再说 wait until he comes before discussing. Word-class labeling in the source is metadata, not permission to swap these forms.
Pitfall: A developing process fits 随着 better than an arbitrary static noun.
将、由、叫、让
Formal disposal and passive agents
将 can resemble 把 in formal disposal; 由 introduces responsibility or agency. 叫/让 can mark conversational passives.
这件事由我负责。
I will be responsible for this matter.
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将文件保存好 uses 将 like formal 把; 由他负责 assigns responsibility; 我的书叫他拿走了 and 我的书让他拿走了 can be passives. 将 also has a separate future use before a predicate.
Pitfall: 由 is not interchangeable with 被 in every sentence.
由于
Cause with 由于
由于 introduces a cause in relatively formal reporting, including a noun phrase.
由于天气原因，比赛取消了。
The match was canceled because of the weather.
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Pitfall: A cause is different from a goal introduced by 为了.
对于、与
Regarding and with
对于 frames a target of evaluation; 与 is a relatively formal counterpart of 和/跟 in many participant phrases.
对于这个问题，我还没有答案。
I do not yet have an answer to this question.
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Pitfall: Do not use 对于 as a universal substitute for 关于.
作为、按、按照
Role and basis
作为 establishes a role; 按 and 按照 introduce a rule, instruction or basis for action.
请按照说明操作。
Please operate it according to the instructions.
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Pitfall: 作为学生 establishes a role rather than a set of instructions.
并、而、与
Formal coordination
与 coordinates nominal elements, 并 connects compatible actions or propositions, and 而 can contrast or connect descriptions.
请阅读并保存这份说明。
Please read and keep these instructions.
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理论与实践 theory and practice; 阅读并保存 read and keep; 简单而有效 simple and effective. 与 commonly joins nominal units; 并 and 而 have their own predicate/clause patterns.
Pitfall: These connectors have different positions and cannot all replace 和 mechanically.
甚至
Extending an argument
此外 adds a separate point, 甚至 an extreme case, 不过 a qualification, 并且 progression, 而 contrast and 既然 an accepted premise.
他会说英语，甚至会说日语。
He speaks English and even Japanese.
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Pitfall: Even marks a scale of expectation, not simply another random fact.
不仅
Additional clause relations
不光/不仅 add a stronger point; 另外 adds another; 要是 supposes; 因此 concludes; 由于 causes; 加上 adds a contributing factor.
他不仅认真，而且很有耐心。
He is not only conscientious but also patient.
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Pitfall: Do not classify every added clause as causal.
等、者、之、就是
Written particles and listing
等 leaves a list open, 者 forms role labels, 之 links elements in written phrases, and 就是 may delimit or specify in context.
参加者请在这里签名。
Participants should sign here.
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水果、牛奶等 leaves a list open; 学习者 identifies a learner; 两国之间 uses written 之; 就是 can identify or delimit a claim in context. Do not force a standalone 就是 particle interpretation without checking the original example or the actual sentence.
Pitfall: Do not treat 者 as a productive substitute for 人 in every word.
啊、嗯
Interjections and tone
啊 and 嗯 can express response, hesitation, realization or acknowledgment. Intonation supplies much of their meaning.
嗯，我知道了。
Mm, I understand now.
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Pitfall: An interjection's conversational function cannot be recovered from spelling alone.
Source details (official syllabus)
Time and origin frames
- Syllabus item
- 自、当、由1、随着、等1
- Category
- 引出时间、处所
- Grammar ID
- grammar-L4-014
- PDF page
- 395 (printed 392)
Formal disposal and passive agents
- Syllabus item
- 将、由2、叫、让
- Category
- 引出施事、受事
- Grammar ID
- grammar-L4-015
- PDF page
- 395 (printed 392)
Cause with 由于
- Syllabus item
- 由于1
- Category
- 引出原因
- Grammar ID
- grammar-L4-016
- PDF page
- 395 (printed 392)
Regarding and with
- Syllabus item
- 对于、与1
- Category
- 引出对象
- Grammar ID
- grammar-L4-017
- PDF page
- 395 (printed 392)
Role and basis
- Syllabus item
- 作为、按、按照
- Category
- 引出凭借、依据
- Grammar ID
- grammar-L4-018
- PDF page
- 395 (printed 392)
Formal coordination
- Syllabus item
- 并2、而1、与2
- Category
- 连接词或词组
- Grammar ID
- grammar-L4-019
- PDF page
- 395 (printed 392)
Extending an argument
- Syllabus item
- 此外、而2、既然、甚至、不过、并且
- Category
- 连接分句或句子
- Grammar ID
- grammar-L4-020
- PDF page
- 395 (printed 392)
Additional clause relations
- Syllabus item
- 不光、不仅、另外、要是、因此、由于2、加上
- Category
- 连接分句或句子
- Grammar ID
- grammar-L4-021
- PDF page
- 395 (printed 392)
Written particles and listing
- Syllabus item
- 等2、者、之、就是
- Category
- 其他助词
- Grammar ID
- grammar-L4-022
- PDF page
- 395 (printed 392)
Interjections and tone
- Syllabus item
- 啊、嗯
- Grammar ID
- grammar-L4-023
- PDF page
- 395 (printed 392)
- 1FILL BLANK
天气变暖，花开了。
Choose the expression that completes the sentence.
“As the weather grew warmer, the flowers bloomed.”
- 2FILL BLANK
，我知道了。
Choose the expression that completes the sentence.
“Mm, I understand now.”
- 3MATCH
Tap a sentence, then tap its meaning.
Tap a sentence, then tap its meaning.
- 4CHOOSE
Which identifies who is responsible?
- 5CHOOSE
由于道路施工，车辆暂时不能通行。
What relationship is stated?
- 6ORDER
Tap the chunks to build the sentence.
“As the weather grew warmer, the flowers bloomed.”
Tap the chunks in order. - 7ORDER
Tap the chunks to build the sentence.
“I will be responsible for this matter.”
Tap the chunks in order.
0 of 7 tasks answered.
Next lesson: Compact expressions and evaluation →将、由、叫、让Formal disposal and passive agents
- 她坚持让我自己再试一次，并没有由她来动手，她说学习做菜，重点在于练习的过程。 I Learned to Make Baozi · HSK 5
对于、与Regarding and with
- 面试官看起来很严肃，但问的问题并不难，原来他们最关心的是我能不能与同事愉快地合作。 My Job Interview · HSK 4
作为、按、按照Role and basis
- 我按照平时的习惯，用礼貌的态度和清楚的语言回答问题，并且表示我愿意努力学习，尽快合格。 My Job Interview · HSK 4
- 那天送货前，我按习惯给客户打电话，才发现合同上的地址还是旧的。 One Thing Missing From the Report · HSK 5
- 中午，大家把袋子集中放好，又按要求记录了几种常见垃圾的数量。 Where Does the Garbage Come From · HSK 5
并、而、与Formal coordination
- 我仔细想了想，觉得或许是因为上次演出时，我推荐了别人当主角而没有推荐她，所以她讨厌我了。 I Misunderstood My Friend · HSK 5
- 为了平衡工作与生活，我开始轮流去不同的公园跑步，周末还学着做本地菜。 Moving to a New City · HSK 5
甚至Extending an argument
- 我按照平时的习惯，用礼貌的态度和清楚的语言回答问题，并且表示我愿意努力学习，尽快合格。 My Job Interview · HSK 4
- 不管我怎样主动找她说话，她总是一两句话就把我打发了，甚至约她一起吃饭也被她推掉。 I Misunderstood My Friend · HSK 5
- 慢慢地，我发现每座城市都有自己独特的节奏，而不是我想象中的那样完全冷漠。 Moving to a New City · HSK 5
不仅Additional clause relations
- 从此之后，我不仅学会了做包子，更感觉到了做菜的乐趣：只要坚持正确的方法，一切困难都能解决。 I Learned to Make Baozi · HSK 5
- 前后不到十分钟，没有人因此迟到，也没人专门提起这件事。 One Thing Missing From the Report · HSK 5