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HSK 4Bài 3/14 · 10 điểm ngữ pháp

Formal connections and responsibility

These prepositions and connectors organize time, cause, basis, roles and participants in more extended writing. A single form such as 将 may be a future marker or a disposal marker. Interpret its syntactic job before choosing a lesson link.

Learning goals (10)
  • Time and origin frames.
  • Formal disposal and passive agents.
  • Cause with 由于.
  • Regarding and with.
  • Role and basis.
  • Formal coordination.
  • Extending an argument.
  • Additional clause relations.
  • Written particles and listing.
  • Interjections and tone.

自、当、由、随着、等

Time and origin frames

自 marks an origin, 当 a time or occasion, 随着 a developing accompaniment, and 等 a waiting-until frame. 由 can introduce a starting point.

随着天气变暖，花开了。

Suí zhe tiān qì biàn nuǎn, huā kāi le.

As the weather grew warmer, the flowers bloomed.

Thêm

自北京出发 depart from Beijing; 当他到家时 when he got home; 由南向北 from south toward north; 随着时间变化 change with time; 等他来了再说 wait until he comes before discussing. These forms are not interchangeable.

Lỗi hay gặp: A developing process fits 随着 better than an arbitrary static noun.

将、由、叫、让

Formal disposal and passive agents

将 can resemble 把 in formal disposal; 由 introduces responsibility or agency. 叫/让 can mark conversational passives.

这件事由我负责。

Zhè jiàn shì yóu wǒ fù zé.

I will be responsible for this matter.

Thêm

将文件保存好 uses 将 like formal 把; 由他负责 assigns responsibility; 我的书叫他拿走了 and 我的书让他拿走了 can be passives. 将 also has a separate future use before a predicate.

Lỗi hay gặp: 由 is not interchangeable with 被 in every sentence.

由于

Cause with 由于

由于 introduces a cause in relatively formal reporting, including a noun phrase.

由于天气原因，比赛取消了。

Yóu yú tiān qì yuán yīn, bǐ sài qǔ xiāo le.

The match was canceled because of the weather.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: A cause is different from a goal introduced by 为了.

对于、与

Regarding and with

对于 frames a target of evaluation; 与 is a relatively formal counterpart of 和/跟 in many participant phrases.

对于这个问题，我还没有答案。

Duì yú zhè ge wèn tí, wǒ hái méi yǒu dá àn.

I do not yet have an answer to this question.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: Do not use 对于 as a universal substitute for 关于.

作为、按、按照

Role and basis

作为 establishes a role; 按 and 按照 introduce a rule, instruction or basis for action.

请按照说明操作。

Qǐng àn zhào shuō míng cāo zuò.

Please operate it according to the instructions.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: 作为学生 establishes a role rather than a set of instructions.

并、而、与

Formal coordination

与 coordinates nominal elements, 并 connects compatible actions or propositions, and 而 can contrast or connect descriptions.

请阅读并保存这份说明。

Qǐng yuè dú bìng bǎo cún zhè fèn shuō míng.

Please read and keep these instructions.

Thêm

理论与实践 theory and practice; 阅读并保存 read and keep; 简单而有效 simple and effective. 与 commonly joins nominal units; 并 and 而 have their own predicate/clause patterns.

Lỗi hay gặp: These connectors have different positions and cannot all replace 和 mechanically.

甚至

Extending an argument

此外 adds a separate point, 甚至 an extreme case, 不过 a qualification, 并且 progression, 而 contrast and 既然 an accepted premise.

他会说英语，甚至会说日语。

Tā huì shuō yīng yǔ, shèn zhì huì shuō rì yǔ.

He speaks English and even Japanese.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: Even marks a scale of expectation, not simply another random fact.

不仅

Additional clause relations

不光/不仅 add a stronger point; 另外 adds another; 要是 supposes; 因此 concludes; 由于 causes; 加上 adds a contributing factor.

他不仅认真，而且很有耐心。

Tā bù jǐn rèn zhēn, ér qiě hěn yǒu nài xīn.

He is not only conscientious but also patient.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: Do not classify every added clause as causal.

等、者、之、就是

Written particles and listing

等 leaves a list open, 者 forms role labels, 之 links elements in written phrases, and 就是 may delimit or specify in context.

参加者请在这里签名。

Cān jiā zhě qǐng zài zhè lǐ qiān míng.

Participants should sign here.

Thêm

水果、牛奶等 leaves a list open; 学习者 identifies a learner; 两国之间 uses written 之; 就是 can identify or delimit a claim in context. Do not force a standalone 就是 particle interpretation without checking the original example or the actual sentence.

Lỗi hay gặp: Do not treat 者 as a productive substitute for 人 in every word.

啊、嗯

Interjections and tone

啊 and 嗯 can express response, hesitation, realization or acknowledgment. Intonation supplies much of their meaning.

嗯，我知道了。

Ń, wǒ zhī dao le.

Mm, I understand now.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: An interjection's conversational function cannot be recovered from spelling alone.

Chi tiết nguồn (đề cương chính thức)

  • Time and origin frames

    Mục trong đề cương
    自、当、由1、随着、等1
    Loại
    引出时间、处所
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L4-014
    Trang PDF
    395 (trang in 392)

  • Formal disposal and passive agents

    Mục trong đề cương
    将、由2、叫、让
    Loại
    引出施事、受事
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L4-015
    Trang PDF
    395 (trang in 392)

  • Cause with 由于

    Mục trong đề cương
    由于1
    Loại
    引出原因
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L4-016
    Trang PDF
    395 (trang in 392)

  • Regarding and with

    Mục trong đề cương
    对于、与1
    Loại
    引出对象
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L4-017
    Trang PDF
    395 (trang in 392)

  • Role and basis

    Mục trong đề cương
    作为、按、按照
    Loại
    引出凭借、依据
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L4-018
    Trang PDF
    395 (trang in 392)

  • Formal coordination

    Mục trong đề cương
    并2、而1、与2
    Loại
    连接词或词组
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L4-019
    Trang PDF
    395 (trang in 392)

  • Extending an argument

    Mục trong đề cương
    此外、而2、既然、甚至、不过、并且
    Loại
    连接分句或句子
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L4-020
    Trang PDF
    395 (trang in 392)

  • Additional clause relations

    Mục trong đề cương
    不光、不仅、另外、要是、因此、由于2、加上
    Loại
    连接分句或句子
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L4-021
    Trang PDF
    395 (trang in 392)

  • Written particles and listing

    Mục trong đề cương
    等2、者、之、就是
    Loại
    其他助词
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L4-022
    Trang PDF
    395 (trang in 392)

  • Interjections and tone

    Mục trong đề cương
    啊、嗯
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L4-023
    Trang PDF
    395 (trang in 392)