HSK 3Bài 9/15 · 7 điểm ngữ pháp
Complex subjects, modifiers and results
Activities and clauses can become topics or subjects, while multiple modifiers narrow a noun. Result and directional complements extend beyond literal motion to recognition, onset and continuation. Interpret the whole verb–complement combination.
Learning goals (7)
- Activities and qualities as subjects.
- A clause as subject.
- Multiple noun modifiers.
- Further result complements.
- Extended directional results.
- Beginning an activity.
- Continuation with 下去 and 下来.
学汉语
Activities and qualities as subjects
A verb or adjective phrase can serve as what a statement is about without an English-style gerund ending.
学汉语很有意思。
Learning Chinese is interesting.
Thêm
Lỗi hay gặp: Do not add 的 automatically to every activity used as a subject.
他不来
A clause as subject
An entire subject–predicate phrase can be evaluated by a following predicate.
他不来让我很担心。
His not coming makes me worried.
Thêm
Lỗi hay gặp: The first 他 is inside the event being evaluated.
我昨天买的两本书
Multiple noun modifiers
Ownership, time/location, descriptions and quantity can precede a head noun. Order reflects scope and idiomatic grouping.
这是我昨天买的两本书。
These are the two books I bought yesterday.
Thêm
Lỗi hay gặp: Do not string modifiers together without checking which one modifies which unit.
动词+到/住/走/上
Further result complements
到 can mark attainment, 住 secure retention, 走 removal, and 上 successful attachment or attainment in appropriate combinations.
请记住这个名字。
Please remember this name.
Thêm
找到 find successfully; 记住 retain in memory; 拿走 take away; 关上 close; 穿上 put on. The same final character can carry different result senses in different lexical pairs.
Lỗi hay gặp: These results are lexical combinations, not interchangeable endings.
想起
Extended directional results
出、起、下 can describe recognition, recollection or recording instead of literal movement.
我想起他的名字了。
I remembered his name.
Thêm
听出 recognize from hearing; 想起 recall; 写下 write down. These involve recognition, retrieval or retention rather than literal movement out, up or down.
Lỗi hay gặp: No physical upward motion is intended by 起 here.
起来
Beginning an activity
起来 and certain 上 combinations can mark the onset of an activity or state.
孩子笑起来了。
The child started laughing.
Thêm
笑起来 begin laughing; 聊上了 get talking. 上 marking onset belongs to particular combinations and is not universally interchangeable with 起来.
Lỗi hay gặp: Translate the onset rather than literal upward movement.
下去、下来
Continuation with 下去 and 下来
下去 commonly projects continuation; 下来 can view an activity as sustained through an interval to a reference point.
请继续说下去。
Please go on speaking.
Thêm
说下去 keep talking from now onward; 坚持下来 manage to persist through the relevant period. The temporal perspective helps explain the difference, but each combination still needs context.
Lỗi hay gặp: 下来 also has other meanings; continuation must be established by context.
Chi tiết nguồn (đề cương chính thức)
Activities and qualities as subjects
- Mục trong đề cương
- 动词或动词性短语、形容词或形容词性短语作主语
- Mã ngữ pháp
- grammar-L3-054
- Trang PDF
- 393 (trang in 390)
A clause as subject
- Mục trong đề cương
- 主谓短语作主语
- Mã ngữ pháp
- grammar-L3-055
- Trang PDF
- 393 (trang in 390)
Multiple noun modifiers
- Mục trong đề cương
- 多项定语
- Mã ngữ pháp
- grammar-L3-056
- Trang PDF
- 393 (trang in 390)
Further result complements
- Mục trong đề cương
- 动词+到/住/走/上
- Loại
- 结果补语2
- Mã ngữ pháp
- grammar-L3-057
- Trang PDF
- 393 (trang in 390)
Extended directional results
- Mục trong đề cương
- 趋向补语的引申用法：（1）表示结果意义：动词+出/起/下
- Loại
- 趋向补语2
- Mã ngữ pháp
- grammar-L3-058
- Trang PDF
- 393 (trang in 390)
Beginning an activity
- Mục trong đề cương
- （2）表示动作行为的开始：动词+上/起来
- Loại
- 趋向补语2
- Mã ngữ pháp
- grammar-L3-059
- Trang PDF
- 393 (trang in 390)
Continuation with 下去 and 下来
- Mục trong đề cương
- （3）表示动作行为的持续：动词+下去/下来
- Loại
- 趋向补语2
- Mã ngữ pháp
- grammar-L3-060
- Trang PDF
- 393 (trang in 390)
- 1FILL BLANK
很有意思。
Choose the expression that completes the sentence.
“Learning Chinese is interesting.”
- 2FILL BLANK
请继续说。
Choose the expression that completes the sentence.
“Please go on speaking.”
- 3MATCH
Tap a sentence, then tap its meaning.
Bấm một câu, rồi bấm nghĩa của nó.
- 4CHOOSE
Which means remember rather than literally think upward?
- 5CHOOSE
他把房间打扫干净了。
Which word states the achieved result?
- 6ORDER
Tap the chunks to build the sentence.
“Learning Chinese is interesting.”
Bấm các cụm theo đúng thứ tự. - 7ORDER
Tap the chunks to build the sentence.
“His not coming makes me worried.”
Bấm các cụm theo đúng thứ tự.
Đã làm 0/7 câu.
Bài tiếp: Possibility, intensity and rhetorical questions →动词+到/住/走/上Further result complements
- 两个箱子被风吹到了路中间，里面的纸也飞得到处都是。 Trước khi trời mưa · HSK 3
- 女儿也写上了自己的名字。 Hôm nay ai nấu cơm? · HSK 3
- 我在图书馆找到了一本汉语书。 Thư viện của trường · HSK 2
想起Extended directional results
- 母亲把今年的菜单收好，又拿出一张空纸，在上面写道：“明年想吃什么，写菜名，也写做菜人的名字。” Năm nay ai nấu cơm tất niên? · HSK 4
- 小安用刚才的方法，算出了新的答案。 Đáp án giống nhau, cách làm khác nhau · HSK 4
- 三点半，她完成了材料，还留出时间重新检查了一遍。 Hai việc, làm việc nào trước? · HSK 4
起来Beginning an activity
- 十分钟后，风突然大了起来。 Trước khi trời mưa · HSK 3
- 回家的路上，我收到了公司的电话，他们说我通过了面试，那一刻我觉得整个世界都亮起来了。 Buổi phỏng vấn xin việc của tôi · HSK 4
- 不久，大雨真的下起来了，路上的人都在跑。 Gặp mưa lớn trên đường về nhà · HSK 4
下去、下来Continuation with 下去 and 下来
- 办公室里本来有人在说话，看见他进来，马上安静了下来。 Ngày mai bắt đầu từ trang ba · HSK 4