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HSK 3Bài 5/15 · 8 điểm ngữ pháp

Participants, purpose, evidence and conditions

Prepositional phrases tell you who benefits, where movement aims, what evidence is used and why an action is intended. Clause markers then connect conditions and outcomes. 把 and 被 change the way affected participants are organized, not the underlying event roles.

Learning goals (8)
  • Targets and topics.
  • Direction with 向.
  • Purpose and motivation.
  • Disposal and passive marking.
  • Basis with 根据.
  • Alternatives in statements.
  • Clause relationship markers.
  • Conditional 的话.

为、向、关于

Targets and topics

向 can introduce a recipient of communication, 为 a beneficiary, and 关于 a topic. Their distribution depends on the verb.

我向老师请教。

Wǒ xiàng lǎo shī qǐng jiào.

I ask the teacher for guidance.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: 关于 introduces a topic; it does not replace every 对 phrase.

向

Direction with 向

向+direction before a movement verb indicates orientation or movement toward a target.

请向前走。

Qǐng xiàng qián zǒu.

Please walk forward.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: Movement toward a target does not guarantee arrival.

为了、为

Purpose and motivation

为了 introduces a goal; 为 can introduce a beneficiary or reason. Choose according to the intended relation.

为了学汉语，他来了中国。

Wèi le xué hàn yǔ, tā lái le zhōng guó.

He came to China to study Chinese.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: A purpose is an intended outcome, not necessarily an established cause.

把、被

Disposal and passive marking

把 foregrounds the affected object before an outcome predicate; 被 presents an affected subject in a passive construction.

我把门关上了。

Wǒ bǎ mén guān shàng le.

I closed the door.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: Do not substitute 被 for 把 without changing participant roles.

根据

Basis with 根据

根据 introduces evidence or a basis for a judgment or action.

我们根据地图找到了学校。

Wǒ men gēn jù dì tú zhǎo dào le xué xiào.

We found the school using the map.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: State a meaningful basis, not an unrelated preceding event.

或、或者

Alternatives in statements

或 and 或者 offer alternatives; 还是 typically marks alternatives in questions or embedded questions.

你可以喝茶或者喝水。

Nǐ kě yǐ hē chá huò zhě hē shuǐ.

You can have tea or water.

Thêm

或 is compact and often written; 或者 is common in alternative statements. Embedded uncertainty can still take 还是: 我不知道他去北京还是上海. A simplistic rule that every non-question must use 或者 would be wrong.

Lỗi hay gặp: Not every English or becomes 还是.

如果

Clause relationship markers

只有 states a necessary condition, 只要 a sufficient one, 如果 a hypothesis, 不但…而且 progression, 可/可是 contrast and 然后 sequence.

如果有时间，我就去。

Rú guǒ yǒu shí jiān, wǒ jiù qù.

If I have time, I will go.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: Distinguish 只有…才 from 只要…就; swapping them changes the logic.

的话

Conditional 的话

Attach 的话 to a condition phrase or clause, often followed by a result with 就.

你有时间的话，就来吧。

Nǐ yǒu shí jiān de huà, jiù lái ba.

If you have time, come over.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: 的话 here does not mean someone's spoken words.

Chi tiết nguồn (đề cương chính thức)

  • Targets and topics

    Mục trong đề cương
    为1、向1、关于
    Loại
    引出对象
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-024
    Trang PDF
    392 (trang in 389)

  • Direction with 向

    Mục trong đề cương
    向2
    Loại
    引出方向、路径
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-025
    Trang PDF
    392 (trang in 389)

  • Purpose and motivation

    Mục trong đề cương
    为了、为2
    Loại
    引出目的、原因
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-026
    Trang PDF
    392 (trang in 389)

  • Disposal and passive marking

    Mục trong đề cương
    把、被
    Loại
    引出施事、受事
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-027
    Trang PDF
    392 (trang in 389)

  • Basis with 根据

    Mục trong đề cương
    根据
    Loại
    引出凭借、依据
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-028
    Trang PDF
    392 (trang in 389)

  • Alternatives in statements

    Mục trong đề cương
    或、或者
    Loại
    连接词或者短语
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-029
    Trang PDF
    392 (trang in 389)

  • Clause relationship markers

    Mục trong đề cương
    只有、只要、不但、而且、如果、可1、可是、然后
    Loại
    连接分句或句子
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-030
    Trang PDF
    392 (trang in 389)

  • Conditional 的话

    Mục trong đề cương
    的话
    Loại
    其他助词
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-031
    Trang PDF
    392 (trang in 389)