HSK 3Bài 4/15 · 8 điểm ngữ pháp

Degree, probability and speaker expectations

These adverbs cover degree, scope, timing, frequency, confidence and necessity. Similar English glosses can hide different uses. Pay particular attention to no need versus cannot, planned repetition versus actual repetition, and a long-awaited outcome versus a merely completed one.

Learning goals (8)
  • Degree refinements.
  • Scope and quantity focus.
  • Timing and order.
  • Repeated occurrence.
  • Simultaneous activities.
  • Degrees of certainty and necessity.
  • Expectation and speaker judgment.
  • Absence of necessity.

比较

Degree refinements

比较 moderates, 更 increases relative degree, 挺 and 特别 intensify, 有些 can soften an unwelcome quality, 越 tracks change and 极 marks extreme degree.

这条路比较安静。

Zhè tiáo lù bǐ jiào ān jìng.

This road is relatively quiet.

Thêm

比较好 relatively good; 还不错 fairly good; 更好 better; 特别好 especially good; 挺好 quite good; 有些累 somewhat tired; 越来越好 increasingly good; 好极了 excellent. Extreme 极 is naturally postverbal in 极了 here.

Lỗi hay gặp: 极 commonly appears in the complement 极了; do not assign identical positions to all degree words.

一共

Scope and quantity focus

只 restricts, 一共 totals, 到处 distributes across places, 一块儿 groups participants, and 只是 can limit a claim.

我一共买了三本书。

Wǒ yī gòng mǎi le sān běn shū.

I bought three books in total.

Thêm

就我一个人 only me; 一块儿去 go together; 一共十元 ten yuan total; 只买一个 buy only one; 到处都是人 people everywhere; 我只是问问 I am only asking. Scope follows the specific phrase modified.

Lỗi hay gặp: 就 may restrict scope in context; it does not always mean then.

刚刚

Timing and order

刚/刚刚 locate a recent event; 一直 marks continuity, 先 priority, 马上 imminence, 一会儿 a short interval. 才 may signal lateness.

他刚刚离开。

Tā gāng gāng lí kāi.

He has just left.

Thêm

他八点才来: he comes as late as eight in context. 马上走 leave at once; 先吃饭 eat first; 等一会儿 wait a moment; 刚/刚刚到 just arrived; 一直在等 have been waiting continuously. 刚才 as a time noun has a different distribution from adverb 刚.

Lỗi hay gặp: 刚刚 is relative to a reference time, not always the moment of speaking.

总、总是、又、常常

Repeated occurrence

又 commonly marks another occurrence already realized; 总/总是 and 常常 express frequency, sometimes with an evaluative tone.

他今天又迟到了。

Tā jīn tiān yòu chí dào le.

He was late again today.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: Use 再 for many planned repetitions; the distinction is contextual rather than pure tense.

一边

Simultaneous activities

一边 introduces activities occurring alongside each other, typically sharing a subject.

她一边做饭,一边听音乐。

Tā yī biān zuò fàn, yī biān tīng yīn yuè.

She listens to music while cooking.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: Choose actions that can plausibly overlap.

大概

Degrees of certainty and necessity

大概、好像 signal uncertainty; 一定 confidence or insistence; 必须 necessity; 差不多 approximate equivalence; 几乎 near attainment.

他大概已经到家了。

Tā dà gài yǐ jīng dào jiā le.

He has probably arrived home.

Thêm

大概会来 probably will come; 必须来 must come; 差不多一样 approximately alike; 一定会来 certainly will come; 好像来过 seems to have come before; 几乎忘了 almost forgot. The evidential strength is different in each expression.

Lỗi hay gặp: 必须 describes necessity, not merely high probability.

当然、其实、终于、才、才、就

Expectation and speaker judgment

终于 marks a long-awaited outcome; 其实 corrects an assumption; 当然 treats a claim as expected. 才 and 就 can signal contrasting expectations.

我等了很久,他终于来了。

Wǒ děng le hěn jiǔ, tā zhōng yú lái le.

I waited a long time, and he finally came.

Thêm

当然可以 of course you may; 其实不知道 actually do not know; 终于完成 finally finish. 才八块钱 treats eight as little; 八点才来 treats eight as late; 八点就来 can treat eight as early.

Lỗi hay gặp: 终于 normally needs a sense of prior waiting or difficulty.

不必、不用

Absence of necessity

不必 and 不用 say an action is unnecessary, not prohibited.

你不用等我。

Nǐ bù yòng děng wǒ.

You don't need to wait for me.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: 不能等 or 不许等 would express a different restriction.

Chi tiết nguồn (đề cương chính thức)
  • Degree refinements

    Mục trong đề cương
    比较、还3、更、特别、挺、有些、越、极
    Loại
    程度副词
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-016
    Trang PDF
    392 (trang in 389)
  • Scope and quantity focus

    Mục trong đề cương
    就3、一块儿、一共、只、到处、只是
    Loại
    范围副词
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-017
    Trang PDF
    392 (trang in 389)
  • Timing and order

    Mục trong đề cương
    才1、马上、先、一会儿、刚、刚刚、一直
    Loại
    时间副词
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-018
    Trang PDF
    392 (trang in 389)
  • Repeated occurrence

    Mục trong đề cương
    总、总是、又、常常
    Loại
    频率副词
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-019
    Trang PDF
    392 (trang in 389)
  • Simultaneous activities

    Mục trong đề cương
    一边
    Loại
    关联副词
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-020
    Trang PDF
    392 (trang in 389)
  • Degrees of certainty and necessity

    Mục trong đề cương
    大概、必须、差不多、一定、好像、几乎
    Loại
    情态副词
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-021
    Trang PDF
    392 (trang in 389)
  • Expectation and speaker judgment

    Mục trong đề cương
    当然、其实、终于、才2、才3、就4
    Loại
    语气副词
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-022
    Trang PDF
    392 (trang in 389)
  • Absence of necessity

    Mục trong đề cương
    不必、不用
    Loại
    否定副词
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L3-023
    Trang PDF
    392 (trang in 389)