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HSK 2Bài 9/13 · 8 điểm ngữ pháp

Outcomes, direction and duration

A complement may say what result was reached, where movement went, how well an action was performed, or how long it lasted. Identify its meaning before translating. A completed activity does not necessarily entail a successful result.

Learning goals (8)
  • Result complements.
  • Movement relative to a viewpoint.
  • Simple direction complements.
  • Compound direction complements.
  • Manner complements with 得.
  • Duration after a verb.
  • Difference amounts.
  • Subject–predicate predicates.

动词+错/懂/好/会/完

Result complements

错、懂、好、会、完 after a verb specify an outcome: getting it wrong, understanding, completing properly, learning a skill or finishing.

我做完作业了。

Wǒ zuò wán zuò yè le.

I have finished my homework.

Thêm

写错 write incorrectly; 听懂 understand what one hears; 做好 complete properly; 学会 learn how; 看完 finish reading/watching. Negating a particular attained result often uses 没: 没听懂. Potential inability uses 听不懂 at a later lesson.

Lỗi hay gặp: Doing an action does not guarantee its result: 听了 need not mean 听懂了.

来

Movement relative to a viewpoint

来 points toward the reference point, 去 away from it; after another verb they indicate its directional outcome.

请拿来。

Qǐng ná lái.

Please bring it here.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: Choose 来 or 去 from the relevant viewpoint, not mechanically from English go.

动词+上/下/进/出/过/回

Simple direction complements

上、下、进、出、过、回 after a movement verb identify a path or destination change.

他走进教室了。

Tā zǒu jìn jiào shì le.

He walked into the classroom.

Thêm

走上楼 go upstairs; 走下楼 go downstairs; 走进教室 enter; 走出教室 exit; 走过桥 cross a bridge; 走回家 return home on foot. The directional complement follows the action and precedes an appropriate destination/path object.

Lỗi hay gặp: 进 describes entry, not the activity's duration.

进教室来

Compound direction complements

Combine a path with 来 or 去: 进来、出去、回来. A place object commonly appears between the path and 来/去.

他走进教室来了。

Tā zǒu jìn jiào shì lái le.

He walked into the classroom toward us.

Thêm

出来/出去: out toward/away from the viewpoint; 过来/过去: over toward/away; 回来/回去: back toward/away; 进来/进去: in toward/away; 上来/上去: up toward/away; 下来/下去: down toward/away; 起来: rise/get up, with other extended uses taught separately.

Lỗi hay gặp: Do not put a place object after 来/去 mechanically.

得

Manner complements with 得

Verb+得+description evaluates how an action is performed. With an object, repeat the verb or move the object into a suitable topic position.

她汉语说得很好。

Tā hàn yǔ shuō de hěn hǎo.

She speaks Chinese very well.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: 说很好 lacks the normal complement marker for this intended structure.

表示动作持续的时间

Duration after a verb

A time complement tells how long an action lasts. Object placement may require verb repetition or a construction suited to the noun.

我看书看了一个小时。

Wǒ kàn shū kàn le yī gè xiǎo shí.

I read for an hour.

Thêm

Compare 我学了一年汉语 (one year of study) with 我一点学汉语 (study at one o'clock). With an object and complex duration, verb repetition can help: 我看书看了一个小时. Not every verb supports the same duration pattern; punctually completed events can instead yield an elapsed-since reading.

Lỗi hay gặp: A duration is not a clock time such as 一点.

两岁

Difference amounts

After a comparative adjective, a quantity can specify the size of the difference.

他比我大两岁。

Tā bǐ wǒ dà liǎng suì.

He is two years older than me.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: 两岁 measures the difference, not his total age.

身体很好

Subject–predicate predicates

A larger topic can be followed by a smaller subject and its predicate, describing one aspect of that topic.

他身体很好。

Tā shēn tǐ hěn hǎo.

He is in good health.

Thêm

Lỗi hay gặp: 他 is the overall topic; 身体 is what 很好 directly describes.

Chi tiết nguồn (đề cương chính thức)

  • Result complements

    Mục trong đề cương
    动词+错/懂/好/会/完
    Loại
    结果补语1
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L2-048
    Trang PDF
    390 (trang in 387)

  • Movement relative to a viewpoint

    Mục trong đề cương
    简单趋向补语的趋向意义用法：（1）动词+来/去
    Loại
    趋向补语1
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L2-049
    Trang PDF
    390 (trang in 387)

  • Simple direction complements

    Mục trong đề cương
    （2）动词+上/下/进/出/过/回
    Loại
    趋向补语1
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L2-050
    Trang PDF
    390 (trang in 387)

  • Compound direction complements

    Mục trong đề cương
    复合趋向补语的趋向意义用法：动词+出来/出去/过来/过去/回来/回去/进来/进去/起来/上来/上去/下来/下去
    Loại
    趋向补语1
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L2-051
    Trang PDF
    390 (trang in 387)

  • Manner complements with 得

    Mục trong đề cương
    动词+得+形容词性短语
    Loại
    状态补语1
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L2-052
    Trang PDF
    390 (trang in 387)

  • Duration after a verb

    Mục trong đề cương
    （1）表示动作持续的时间
    Loại
    数量补语2
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L2-053
    Trang PDF
    390 (trang in 387)

  • Difference amounts

    Mục trong đề cương
    （2）形容词+数量补语
    Loại
    数量补语2
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L2-054
    Trang PDF
    390 (trang in 387)

  • Subject–predicate predicates

    Mục trong đề cương
    主谓句4：主谓谓语句
    Loại
    单句
    Mã ngữ pháp
    grammar-L2-055
    Trang PDF
    390 (trang in 387)